Microwave Spectral Studies on Aniline and Some Other Molecules

This thesis contains an account of microwave spectral studies aniline, propiolic acid, 2,1,3-benzoxadiazole and 2,1,3-benzothiadiazole, and glycollonitrile. All of the spectra were observed at room temperature using a conventional Stark modulation spectrometer. A brief description of the spectrometer, the method used to calculate rigid asymmetric top energy levels and the location of atoms in a molecule are given in Chapter 1. Chapters 2-5 devoted to the spectral studies on the molecules mentioned above and Chapter 6 contains details of the preparation of a number of these compounds. The microwave spectra of ten isotopic species of aniline have been observed and transitions due to molecules in the ground and a very low first excited vibrational state have been assigned. A low first excited vibrational state is characteristic of a pyrimidal configuration about the nitrogen atom and an inverting amine group. The inertial defects, and substitution co-ordinates of the amino-hydrogen atoms confirm that aniline is non-planar and an rs structure has been derived for the C-NH2 group. The co-ordinates of the ring hydrogen atoms in aniline indicate that the phenyl group is somewhat narrower and elongated compared to benzene. Three species of propiolic acid have been studied and the planar nature and cis conformation of the hydroxyl relative to the carbonyl group in this molecule are confirmed. Allowance has been made for centrifugal distortion in deriving the rotational constants, but it is impossible to derive accurate values for the centrifugal distortion constants from the measured line frequencies. The dipole moment of propiolic acid has been obtained from Stark effect measurements and lies almost parallel to the direction of the C = O bond. The spectra of the normal isotopic species of 2,1,3-benzoxadiazole and 2,1,3-benzothiadiazole have been assigned and the inertial defects indicate that these molecules are planar. Structures with considerable double bond fixation in the six membered rings are proposed for these molecules. Some preliminary conclusions about the structure of glycollonitrile are given in chapter 5. Spectra of the normal and one deuterated species (DOCH2CN) have been assigned. The inertial defects of these molecules and the substitution co-ordinates of the hydroxyl hydrogen atom show that glycollonitrile exists in the gauche form

The Rayleigh—Taylor problem with a vertical magnetic field, including the effects of Hall current and resistivity

The influence of resistivity and Hall current on the Rayleigh-Taylor problem involving two superposed fluids of finite density in the presence of gravitational and magnetic fields normal to the fluid interface is examined. Unlike the related problem in which the magnetic field is parallel to the interface, it appears that the dispersion relation does not exhibit singular behaviour in the zero resistivity limit. The ‘potentially stable' situation is considered throughout. The results are compared with earlier ideal and resistive theories, and an apparent anomaly regarding the existence of normal modes in such systems is resolve

The effect of practice and coaching on the performance in intelligence tests of boys selected for courses leading to G.C.E and for boys who just fail to be selected

The object of the inquiry was to investigate the effects of unassisted practice, and of practice accompanied by coaching, on the scores made in two intelligence tests by boys who were selected for grammar schools or for a selective modern school in which some children take G.C.E. courses. The two tests were those used in the allocation examination of the hoys concerned, and the same tests were repeated as final tests at the end of the experiment. The use of two tests was intended to minimise the effects of individual inconsistency. 170 boys effectively took part in the experiment and they formed three groups of approximately equal numbers and ability. The first group had three practice tests at weekly intervals before the final tests; the second group, in addition to working the same tests, had one hour of standardised coaching on each of the three practice tests in turn; the third group did normal school work during the three weeks preceding the final tests. The scores in the two final tests, compared with those in the same two tests in the allocation examination showed a total mean gain of 11½ pts. of I. Q. in the practice group, 17½ pts. in the coached group, and 5½ pts. in the control group. Analysis of variance showed all these gains, and the differences between them, to be highly significant. Clearly therefore, the most effective way of raising the mean score of boys in intelligence tests is by a combination of practice and coaching. After the third test there was a falling off in mean score in the practice group whereas gains continued up to the last test in the coached group. The results suggest that practice effect may be inhibited to some extent when practice is under actual selection examination conditions. There is some evidence that the effects of coaching may be relatively short-lived. Individual response to practice and coaching varied considerably and was greater in the coached groups The maximum gains in both groups tended to occur at (initial) I.Q. 120 – 125. It appears that younger boys may benefit more than older ones in the same age-group. In so far as allocation is based on I.Qs. it has been shown that a programme of practice and coaching before selection would, for these boys, have affected the allocation of about 15 per cent of the grammar school places

Governing Global Supply Chain Sustainability Through the Ethical Audit Regime

Over the past two decades multinational corporations have been expanding ‘ethical’ audit programs with the stated aim of reducing the risk of sourcing from suppliers with poor practices. A wave of government regulation—such as the California Transparency in Supply Chains Act (2012) and the UK Modern Slavery Act (2015)—has enhanced the legitimacy of auditing as a tool to govern labor and environmental standards in global supply chains, backed by a broad range of civil society actors championing audits as a way of promoting corporate accountability. The growing adoption of auditing as a governance tool is a puzzling trend, given two decades of evidence that audit programs generally fail to detect or correct labor and environmental problems in global supply chains. Drawing on original field research, this article shows that in spite of its growing legitimacy and traction among government and civil society actors, the audit regime continues to respond to and protect industry commercial interests. Conceptually, the article challenges prevailing characterizations of the audit regime as a technical, neutral, and benign tool of supply chain governance, and highlights its embeddedness in struggles over the legitimacy and effectiveness of the industry-led privatization of global governance